Recent study suggests that misuse of a common quaternary biocide, benzalkonium chloride, could result in development of antibiotic resistance,, particularly in Pseudomona aeruginosa - a common bacteria found in hospital-spread infections.

Some discussion on compliance issues noted - including tendency to use diluted products to save money and shorter than recommended cleaning/exposure times - which leave resistant bacteria behind.

Yet, this effect has not been show to occur outside of the lab and the widespread commercial use of antibiotics in ranch animals is thought to be the major cause of developing resistance.